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Home  ›  The Llama And Which Other Animal Has Oval Rather Than Circular Red Blood Cells?

The Llama And Which Other Animal Has Oval Rather Than Circular Red Blood Cells?

Written By Tuesday, May 10, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Genus of mammals

Camel

Temporal range: Pliocene–Contempo [1]

PreꞒ

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Due south

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A one-humped camel
Dromedary
(Camelus dromedarius)
A shaggy two-humped camel
Bactrian camel
(Camelus bactrianus)
Scientific nomenclature e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Form: Mammalia
Lodge: Artiodactyla
Family: Camelidae
Tribe: Camelini
Genus: Camelus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

Camelus bactrianus
Camelus dromedarius
Camelus ferus
†Camelus grattardi (fossil)[two]
†Camelus knoblochi (fossil)[three]
†Camelus moreli (fossil)
†Camelus sivalensis (fossil)[4]
†Camelus thomasi (fossil)[5]

Camel world population.png
Distribution of Camels worldwide
Synonyms

List

  • Camellus Molina, 1782
  • Dromedarius Gloger, 1841

A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back. Camels have long been domesticated and, every bit livestock, they provide food (milk and meat) and textiles (cobweb and felt from hair). Camels are working animals especially suited to their desert habitat and are a vital means of send for passengers and cargo. At that place are three surviving species of camel. The ane-humped dromedary makes upwards 94% of the world's camel population, and the two-humped Bactrian camel makes up 6%. The Wild Bactrian camel is a separate species and is now critically endangered.

The give-and-take camel is also used informally in a wider sense, where the more than right term is "camelid", to include all 7 species of the family Camelidae: the truthful camels (the above three species), along with the "New World" camelids: the llama, the alpaca, the guanaco, and the vicuña.[6] The discussion itself is derived via Latin: camelus and Greek: κάμηλος (kamēlos) from Hebrew, Standard arabic or Phoenician: gāmāl.[vii] [8]

Taxonomy

Extant species

3 species are extant:[9] [10]

Paradigm Common name Scientific name Distribution
2011 Trampeltier 1528.JPG Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus Domesticated; Key Asia, including the historical region of Bactria.
Domestic Dromedary Merzouga.jpg Dromedary / Arabian camel Camelus dromedarius Domesticated; the Middle East, Sahara Desert, and South Asia; introduced to Australia
Wild Bactrian camel on road east of Yarkand.jpg Wild Bactrian camel Camelus ferus Remote areas of northwest China and Mongolia

Biological science

The average life expectancy of a camel is 40 to l years.[11] A full-grown adult dromedary camel stands one.85 m (6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.15 k (vii ft 1 in) at the hump.[12] Bactrian camels can be a human foot taller. Camels tin run at up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in curt bursts and sustain speeds of up to twoscore km/h (25 mph).[13] Bactrian camels weigh 300 to 1,000 kg (660 to 2,200 lb) and dromedaries 300 to 600 kg (660 to 1,320 lb). The widening toes on a camel'due south hoof provide supplemental grip for varying soil sediments.[14]

The male dromedary camel has an organ called a dulla in its throat, a large, inflatable sac he extrudes from his mouth when in oestrus to assert dominance and attract females. It resembles a long, swollen, pink tongue hanging out of the side of its mouth.[15] Camels mate past having both male person and female sitting on the basis, with the male mounting from behind.[16] The male usually ejaculates 3 or four times inside a single mating session.[17] Camelids are the just ungulates to mate in a sitting position.[xviii]

Ecological and behavioral adaptations

Camels do non directly shop water in their humps; they are reservoirs of fat tissue. When this tissue is metabolized, it yields more than one gram of h2o for every gram of fat processed. This fat metabolization, while releasing free energy, causes water to evaporate from the lungs during respiration (as oxygen is required for the metabolic process): overall, there is a cyberspace decrease in water.[xix] [20]

A portrait of a camel with a visibly thick mane

A camel's thick coat is 1 of its many adaptations that aid it in desert-like conditions.

A leashed pack camel

A camel in Somalia, which has the world'due south largest camel population.[21]

Camels have a series of physiological adaptations that allow them to withstand long periods of time without any external source of h2o.[22] The dromedary camel can drink every bit seldom as in one case every 10 days even under very hot weather, and can lose up to 30% of its body mass due to aridity.[23] Unlike other mammals, camels' scarlet blood cells are oval rather than round in shape. This facilitates the flow of red claret cells during dehydration[24] and makes them better at withstanding high osmotic variation without rupturing when drinking big amounts of h2o: a 600 kg (1,300 lb) camel tin drink 200 L (53 US gal) of water in three minutes.[25] [26]

Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature and water consumption that would kill most other mammals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C (93 °F) at dawn and steadily increases to forty °C (104 °F) by sunset, before they absurd off at night once more.[22] In general, to compare between camels and the other livestock, camels lose merely 1.3 liters of fluid intake every twenty-four hour period while the other livestock lose 20 to 40 liters per day.[27] Maintaining the brain temperature within certain limits is critical for animals; to assistance this, camels have a rete mirabile, a circuitous of arteries and veins lying very shut to each other which utilizes countercurrent claret flow to cool blood flowing to the encephalon.[28] Camels rarely sweat, even when ambient temperatures attain 49 °C (120 °F).[29] Whatsoever sweat that does occur evaporates at the pare level rather than at the surface of their coat; the heat of vaporization therefore comes from body oestrus rather than ambient heat. Camels can withstand losing 25% of their trunk weight in water, whereas near other mammals can withstand just most 12–14% dehydration before cardiac failure results from circulatory disturbance.[26]

When the camel exhales, water vapor becomes trapped in their nostrils and is reabsorbed into the body equally a means to conserve h2o.[xxx] Camels eating green herbage tin can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies' hydrated country without the need for drinking.[31]

Domesticated camel calves lying in sternal recumbency, a position that aids heat loss

The camel's thick coat insulates information technology from the intense oestrus radiated from desert sand; a shorn camel must sweat 50% more to avoid overheating.[32] During the summer the coat becomes lighter in color, reflecting calorie-free besides every bit helping avoid sunburn.[26] The camel'due south long legs help by keeping its torso further from the footing, which can rut upward to 70 °C (158 °F).[33] [34] Dromedaries take a pad of thick tissue over the sternum chosen the pedestal. When the animal lies down in a sternal recumbent position, the pedestal raises the trunk from the hot surface and allows cooling air to pass under the torso.[28]

Camels' mouths accept a thick leathery lining, allowing them to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with nostrils that tin close, form a barrier confronting sand. If sand gets lodged in their eyes, they tin can dislodge information technology using their transparent third eyelid. The camels' gait and widened feet help them motility without sinking into the sand.[33] [35] [36]

The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing h2o. Camels' kidneys have a 1:4 cortex to medulla ratio.[37] Thus, the medullary office of a camel's kidney occupies twice as much area as a moo-cow's kidney. Secondly, renal corpuscles accept a smaller bore, which reduces surface area for filtration. These two major anatomical characteristics enable camels to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert atmospheric condition.[38] Camel urine comes out as a thick syrup, and camel faeces are so dry out that they do non require drying when the Bedouins use them to fuel fires.[39] [40] [41] [42]

The camel immune system differs from those of other mammals. Normally, the Y-shaped antibody molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains forth the length of the Y, and 2 light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y. Camels, in improver to these, also have antibodies made of simply 2 heavy chains, a trait that makes them smaller and more durable. These "heavy-concatenation-only" antibodies, discovered in 1993, are idea to have developed 50 1000000 years ago, afterwards camelids split from ruminants and pigs.[43] Camels endure from surra caused past Trypanosoma evansi wherever camels are domesticated in the world,[44] and resultantly camels have evolved trypanolytic antibodies as with many mammals. In the future, nanobody/single-domain antibiotic therapy volition surpass natural camel antibodies by reaching locations currently unreachable due to natural antibodies' larger size. Such therapies may too exist suitable for other mammals.[45]

Genetics

The karyotypes of unlike camelid species take been studied earlier past many groups,[46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] but no agreement on chromosome nomenclature of camelids has been reached. A 2007 study menstruation sorted camel chromosomes, building on the fact that camels have 37 pairs of chromosomes (2n=74), and found that the karyotype consisted of ane metacentric, 3 submetacentric, and 32 acrocentric autosomes. The Y is a small-scale metacentric chromosome, while the Ten is a big metacentric chromosome.[52]

The hybrid camel, a hybrid between Bactrian and dromedary camels, has one hump, though it has an indentation 4–12 cm (1.6–4.seven in) deep that divides the front from the back. The hybrid is two.xv m (7 ft ane in) at the shoulder and 2.32 m (7 ft 7 in) tall at the hump. It weighs an average of 650 kg (1,430 lb) and can behave around 400 to 450 kg (880 to 990 lb), which is more either the dromedary or Bactrian can.[53]

According to molecular information, the wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) separated from the domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) nigh 1 million years ago.[54] [55] New World and Quondam World camelids diverged about eleven million years ago.[56] In spite of this, these species can hybridize and produce feasible offspring.[57] The cama is a camel-llama hybrid bred by scientists to meet how closely related the parent species are.[58] Scientists collected semen from a camel via an artificial vagina and inseminated a llama after stimulating ovulation with gonadotrophin injections.[59] The cama is halfway in size betwixt a camel and a llama and lacks a hump. It has ears intermediate between those of camels and llamas, longer legs than the llama, and partially cloven hooves.[lx] [61] Similar the mule, camas are sterile, despite both parents having the same number of chromosomes.[59]

Development

The primeval known camel, called Protylopus, lived in North America twoscore to fifty million years ago (during the Eocene).[17] It was about the size of a rabbit and lived in the open woodlands of what is at present South Dakota.[62] [63] By 35 million years ago, the Poebrotherium was the size of a caprine animal and had many more than traits similar to camels and llamas.[64] [65] The hoofed Stenomylus, which walked on the tips of its toes, also existed effectually this fourth dimension, and the long-necked Aepycamelus evolved in the Miocene.[66]

The antecedent of modernistic camels, Paracamelus, migrated into Eurasia from North America via Beringia during the late Miocene, between vii.5 and 6.5 million years agone.[67] [68] [69] During the Pleistocene, around 3 to 1 million years ago, the North American Camelidae spread to South America as role of the Great American Interchange via the newly formed Isthmus of Panama, where they gave rise to guanacos and related animals.[17] [62] [63] Populations of Paracamelus continued to exist in the N American Arctic into the Belatedly Pleistocene.[lxx] [71] This creature is estimated to take stood around nine feet (two.7 metres) alpine. The Bactrian camel diverged from the dromedary about i million years agone, according to the fossil record.[72]

The last camel native to Northward America was Camelops hesternus, which vanished along with horses, short-faced bears, mammoths and mastodons, footing sloths, sabertooth cats, and many other megafauna, coinciding with the migration of humans from Asia at the stop of the Pleistocene, effectually xv–xi,000 years ago.[73] [74]

  • A drawing of two early camels

Domestication

Like horses, camels originated in North America and eventually spread across Beringia to Asia. They survived in the Old World, and somewhen humans domesticated them and spread them globally. Forth with many other megafauna in North America, the original wild camels were wiped out during the spread of the outset indigenous peoples of the Americas from Asia into North America, 10 to 12,000 years ago; although fossils take never been associated with definitive show of hunting.[73] [74]

Nearly camels surviving today are domesticated.[42] [75] Although feral populations exist in Australia, Republic of india and Kazakhstan, wild camels survive but in the wild Bactrian camel population of the Gobi Desert.[xi]

History

When humans outset domesticated camels is disputed. The first domesticated dromedaries may take been in southern Arabia effectually 3000 BCE or as late as grand BCE, and Bactrian camels in central Asia around 2500 BCE,[17] [76] [77] [78] [79] as at Shahr-e Sukhteh (also known as the Burnt City), Iran.[eighty]

Martin Heide'southward 2010 work on the domestication of the camel tentatively concludes that humans had domesticated the Bactrian camel by at least the middle of the third millennium somewhere eastward of the Zagros Mountains, with the practice then moving into Mesopotamia. Heide suggests that mentions of camels "in the patriarchal narratives may refer, at to the lowest degree in some places, to the Bactrian camel", while noting that the camel is non mentioned in relationship to Canaan.[81]

Recent excavations in the Timna Valley by Lidar Sapir-Hen and Erez Ben-Yosef discovered what may exist the primeval domestic camel basic notwithstanding found in Israel or even outside the Arabian Peninsula, dating to around 930 BC. This garnered considerable media coverage, equally information technology is strong bear witness that the stories of Abraham, Jacob, Esau, and Joseph were written afterward this time.[82] [83]

The being of camels in Mesopotamia—but not in the eastern Mediterranean lands—is not a new idea. The historian Richard Bulliet did not think that the occasional mention of camels in the Bible meant that the domestic camels were common in the Holy Land at that time.[84] The archaeologist William F. Albright, writing even earlier, saw camels in the Bible as an anachronism.[85]

The official report by Sapir-Hen and Ben-Joseph notes:

The introduction of the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) as a pack animal to the southern Levant ... substantially facilitated merchandise across the vast deserts of Arabia, promoting both economic and social change (e.g., Kohler 1984; Borowski 1998: 112–116; Jasmin 2005). This ... has generated extensive word regarding the date of the earliest domestic camel in the southern Levant (and beyond) (due east.g., Albright 1949: 207; Epstein 1971: 558–584; Bulliet 1975; Zarins 1989; Köhler-Rollefson 1993; Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2002; Jasmin 2005; 2006; Heide 2010; Rosen and Saidel 2010; Grigson 2012). Most scholars today concur that the dromedary was exploited as a pack fauna sometime in the early Iron Historic period (not before the 12th century [BC])

and concludes:

Current information from copper smelting sites of the Aravah Valley enable us to pinpoint the introduction of domestic camels to the southern Levant more than precisely based on stratigraphic contexts associated with an extensive suite of radiocarbon dates. The information signal that this event occurred not earlier than the last third of the tenth century [BC] and most probably during this fourth dimension. The coincidence of this event with a major reorganization of the copper industry of the region—attributed to the results of the campaign of Pharaoh Shoshenq I—raises the possibility that the two were continued, and that camels were introduced as function of the efforts to improve efficiency by facilitating trade.[83]

  • Petroglyph of a camel, Negev, southern Israel (prior to c. 5300 BC)

Textiles

Desert tribes and Mongolian nomads use camel pilus for tents, yurts, clothing, bedding and accessories. Camels have outer guard hairs and soft inner down, and the fibers are sorted[ by whom? ] by color and age of the animal. The guard hairs tin can be felted for employ as waterproof coats for the herdsmen, while the softer hair is used for premium goods.[86] The fiber tin can be spun for utilize in weaving or made into yarns for manus knitting or crochet. Pure camel hair is recorded as existence used for western garments from the 17th century onwards, and from the 19th century a mixture of wool and camel hair was used.[87]

War machine uses

A painting of soldiers on camels

Past at to the lowest degree 1200 BC the first camel saddles had appeared, and Bactrian camels could be ridden. The showtime saddle was positioned to the dorsum of the camel, and control of the Bactrian camel was exercised by means of a stick. However, between 500 and 100 BC, Bactrian camels came into armed services apply. New saddles, which were inflexible and aptitude, were put over the humps and divided the rider's weight over the beast. In the seventh century BC the military Arabian saddle evolved, which again improved the saddle design slightly.[88] [89]

Military machine forces have used camel cavalries in wars throughout Africa, the Centre East, and into the modern-mean solar day Border Security Force (BSF) of India (though as of July 2012, the BSF planned the replacement of camels with ATVs). The first documented use of camel cavalries occurred in the Battle of Qarqar in 853 BC.[ninety] [91] [92] Armies take too used camels as freight animals instead of horses and mules.[93] [94]

The East Roman Empire used auxiliary forces known as dromedarii, whom the Romans recruited in desert provinces.[95] [96] The camels were used by and large in combat because of their ability to scare off horses at close range (horses are agape of the camels' aroma),[18] a quality famously employed by the Achaemenid Persians when fighting Lydia in the Battle of Thymbra (547 BC).[53] [97] [98]

19th and 20th centuries

A photo of Bulgarian military-transport camels in 1912

The United States Army established the U.Due south. Camel Corps, stationed in California, in the 19th century.[18] One may still see stables at the Benicia Arsenal in Benicia, California, where they nowadays serve as the Benicia Historical Museum.[99] Though the experimental employ of camels was seen equally a success (John B. Floyd, Secretarial assistant of State of war in 1858, recommended that funds be allocated towards obtaining a thousand more camels), the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 saw the stop of the Camel Corps: Texas became role of the Confederacy, and most of the camels were left to wander away into the desert.[94]

France created a méhariste camel corps in 1912 as function of the Armée d'Afrique in the Sahara[100] in order to practice greater control over the camel-riding Tuareg and Arab insurgents, as previous efforts to defeat them on foot had failed.[101] The Free French Camel Corps fought during World State of war II, and camel-mounted units remained in service until the cease of French rule over Algeria in 1962.[102]

In 1916, the British created the Royal Camel Corps. Information technology was originally used to fight the Senussi, but was later used in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in World State of war I. The Imperial Camel Corps comprised infantrymen mounted on camels for movement across desert, though they dismounted at battle sites and fought on human foot. After July 1918, the Corps began to become run downwardly, receiving no new reinforcements, and was formally disbanded in 1919.[103]

In World State of war I, the British Regular army likewise created the Egyptian Camel Ship Corps, which consisted of a group of Egyptian camel drivers and their camels. The Corps supported British war operations in Sinai, Palestine, and Syria past transporting supplies to the troops.[104] [105] [106]

The Somaliland Camel Corps was created by colonial authorities in British Somaliland in 1912; it was disbanded in 1944.[107]

Bactrian camels were used past Romanian forces during World State of war Two in the Caucasian region.[108] At the same period the Soviet units operating effectually Astrakhan in 1942 adopted local camels as draft animals due to shortage of trucks and horses, and kept them even later on moving out of the area. Despite severe losses, some of these camels came as far West as to Berlin itself.[109]

The Bikaner Camel Corps of British India fought alongside the British Indian Army in World Wars I and Two.[110]

The Tropas Nómadas (Nomad Troops) were an auxiliary regiment of Sahrawi tribesmen serving in the colonial army in Spanish Sahara (today Western Sahara). Operational from the 1930s until the terminate of the Spanish presence in the territory in 1975, the Tropas Nómadas were equipped with small arms and led past Spanish officers. The unit guarded outposts and sometimes conducted patrols on camelback.[111] [112]

21st century competition

At the King Abdulaziz Camel Festival, in Saudi Arabia, thousands of camels are paraded and are judged on their lips and humps. The festival as well features camel racing and camel milk tasting and has combined prize coin of $57m (£40m). In 2018, 12 camels were disqualified from the beauty contest after it was discovered their owners had tried to improve their camel's skillful looks with injections of botox, into the animals' lips, noses and jaws.[113] In 2021 over 40 camels were disqualified for acts of tampering and deception in beautifying camels.[114]

Food uses

Dairy

Camel milk is a staple food of desert nomad tribes and is sometimes considered a repast itself; a nomad can live on simply camel milk for almost a month.[18] [39] [115] [116]

Camel milk tin can readily be made into yogurt, but can only exist made into butter if it is soured first, churned, and a clarifying amanuensis is then added.[18] Until recently, camel milk could not be fabricated into camel cheese because rennet was unable to coagulate the milk proteins to permit the collection of curds.[117] Developing less wasteful uses of the milk, the FAO commissioned Professor J.P. Ramet of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, who was able to produce curdling by the improver of calcium phosphate and vegetable rennet in the 1990s.[118] The cheese produced from this process has low levels of cholesterol and is easy to digest, even for the lactose intolerant.[119] [120]

Camel milk can also be made into ice cream.[121] [122]

Meat

A Somali camel meat and rice dish

Camel meat pulao, from Islamic republic of pakistan

They provide food in the form of meat and milk.[123] Approximately 3.3 1000000 camels and camelids are slaughtered each twelvemonth for meat worldwide.[124] A camel carcass tin can provide a substantial corporeality of meat. The male dromedary carcass can counterbalance 300–400 kg (661–882 lb), while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to 650 kg (ane,433 lb). The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between 250 and 350 kg (550 and 770 lb).[17] The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the hump is considered a effeminateness.[125] The hump contains "white and sickly fatty", which can be used to make the khli (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel.[126] On the other hand, camel milk and meat are rich in protein, vitamins, glycogen, and other nutrients making them essential in the diet of many people. From chemical composition to meat quality, the dromedary camel is the preferred breed for meat production. Information technology does well fifty-fifty in barren areas due to its unusual physiological behaviors and characteristics, which include tolerance to extreme temperatures, radiation from the sun, water paucity, rugged landscape and depression vegetation.[127] Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels tin can prove to be very tough,[12] [17] although camel meat becomes tenderer the more than information technology is cooked.[128] The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beefiness or lamb fat in order to meliorate the texture and sense of taste.[129] In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants set up nihari from camel meat.[130] Specialist camel butchers provide expert cuts, with the hump considered the about popular.[131]

Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded past ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in aboriginal Persia, usually roasted whole.[132] The Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel.[39] Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other barren regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history.[17] [39] [125] Camel claret is besides consumable, as is the example among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals.[17] [125] [133]

A 2005 written report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry building of Wellness and the Usa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details four cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver.[134]

Australia

Camel meat is also occasionally institute in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is available in Alice Springs.[132] [133] Australia has exported camel meat, primarily to the Eye Eastward but also to Europe and the US, for many years.[135] The meat is very popular amidst East African Australians, such as Somalis, and other Australians have also been buying it. The feral nature of the animals ways they produce a dissimilar type of meat to farmed camels in other parts of the earth,[136] and it is sought after because information technology is affliction-complimentary, and a unique genetic group. Need is outstripping supply, and governments are being urged not to choose the camels, but redirect the price of the cull into developing the marketplace. Australia has vii camel dairies, which produce milk, cheese and skincare products in addition to meat.[137]

Religion

Islam

Muslims consider camel meat halal (Arabic: حلال, 'allowed'). Yet, according to some Islamic schools of idea, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of information technology. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform wudhu (ablution) earlier the next fourth dimension they pray after eating camel meat.[138] Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it haram (Standard arabic: حرام, 'forbidden') for a Muslim to perform Salat in places where camels lie, equally information technology is said to be a abode place of the Shaytan (Standard arabic: شيطان, 'Devil').[138] According to Abu Yusuf (d.798), the urine of camel may be used for medical handling if necessary, but according to Abū Ḥanīfah, the drinking of camel urine is discouraged.[139]

The Islamic texts comprise several stories featuring camels. In the story of the people of Thamud, the Prophet Salih miraculously brings along a naqat (Arabic: ناقة, 'milch-camel') out of a rock. Subsequently the Prophet Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Medina, he allowed his she-camel to roam at that place; the location where the camel stopped to rest adamant the location where he would build his house in Medina.[140]

Judaism

According to Jewish tradition, camel meat and milk are not kosher.[141] Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria; although they chew their cud, they exercise not possess cloven hooves: "But these you lot shall not eat among those that bring up the cud and those that have a cloven hoof: the camel, considering it brings up its cud, only does not have a [completely] cloven hoof; it is unclean for you."[142]

Cultural depictions

What may be the oldest carvings of camels were discovered in 2018 in Saudi Arabia. They were analysed past researchers from several scientific disciplines and, in 2021, were estimated to be 7,000 to eight,000 years quondam.[143] The dating of rock art is made difficult by the lack of organic material in the carvings that may be tested, so the researchers attempting to date them tested beast bones institute associated with the carvings, assessed erosion patterns, and analysed tool marks in club to determine a correct appointment for the creation of the sculptures. This Neolithic dating would make the carvings significantly older than Stonehenge (five,000 years old) and the Egyptian pyramids at Giza (four,500 years old) and it predates estimates for the domestication of camels.

  • Shadda (comprehend,particular), Karabagh region, southwest Caucasus, early 19th century

  • Vessel in the form of a recumbent camel with jugs, 250 BC – 224 AD, Brooklyn Museum

  • The Magi Journeying (Les rois mages en voyage)—James Tissot, c. 1886, Brooklyn Museum

Distribution and numbers

A view into a canyon: many camels gathering around a watering hole

In that location are approximately 14 1000000 camels alive as of 2010[update], with 90% beingness dromedaries.[144] Dromedaries alive today are domesticated animals (by and large living in the Horn of Africa, the Sahel, Maghreb, Middle Due east and S Asia). The Horn region lonely has the largest concentration of camels in the world,[21] where the dromedaries institute an important office of local nomadic life. They provide nomadic people in Somalia[17] and Ethiopia with milk, food, and transportation.[116] [145] [146] [147]

A world map with large camel populations marked

Commercial camel market place headcount in 2003

Over one million dromedary camels are estimated to be feral in Commonwealth of australia, descended from those introduced as a method of ship in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[148] This population is growing near 8% per year;[149] it was estimated at effectually 700,000 in 2008.[133] [144] [150] Representatives of the Australian government have culled more than 100,000 of the animals in function because the camels use also much of the limited resources needed by sheep farmers.[151]

A minor population of introduced camels, dromedaries and Bactrians, wandered through Southwestern United States after having been imported in the 19th century as part of the U.S. Camel Corps experiment. When the project ended, they were used as typhoon animals in mines and escaped or were released. Twenty-v U.S. camels were bought and exported to Canada during the Cariboo Aureate Rush.[94]

The Bactrian camel is, as of 2010[update], reduced to an estimated 1.4 one thousand thousand animals, most of which are domesticated.[42] [144] [152] The Wild Bactrian camel is a split up species and is the only truly wild (as opposed to feral) camel in the world. The wild camels are critically endangered and number approximately 1400, inhabiting the Gobi and Taklamakan Deserts in Prc and Mongolia.[xi] [153]

See also

  • Afghan cameleers in Australia
  • Australian feral camel
  • Camel howdah
  • Camel milk
  • Camel racing
  • Camel train (caravan)
  • Camel urine
  • Camel wrestling
  • Camelops
  • Camelus moreli
  • Dromedary
  • List of animals with humps
  • Xerocole

Notes

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References

  • Ramet, J. P. (2011). The engineering science of making cheese from camel milk (Camelus dromedarius). FAO Animal Production and Health Newspaper. Rome: Nutrient and Agriculture System of the United Nations. ISBN978-92-five-103154-4. ISSN 0254-6019. OCLC 476039542. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  • Vannithone, S.; Davidson, A. (1999). "Camel". The Oxford companion to food. Oxford Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN978-0-19-211579-9.
  • Camels and Camel Milk. Report Issued by FAO, United Nations. (1982)
  • Wilson, R.T. (1984). The camel. New York: Longman. ISBN978-0-582-77512-1.
  • Yagil, R. (1982). Camels and Camel Milk. FAO Brute Production and Health Paper. Vol. 26. Rome: Food And Agriculture Organization Of The Un. ISBN978-92-5-101169-0. ISSN 0254-6019.

Further reading

  • Gilchrist, W. (1851). A Practical Treatise on the Handling of the Diseases of the Elephant, Camel & Horned Cattle: with instructions for improving their efficiency; also, a description of the medicines used in the treatment of their diseases; and a general outline of their anatomy. Calcutta, India: Military Orphan Press.

External links

  • International Gild of Camelid Enquiry and Development
  • Six Green Reasons to Drink Camel's Milk
  • Use of camels by South African police
  • The Camel as a pet
  • "Could Emirati camels hold the cardinal to treating venomous serpent bites?"

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel

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